Школа, муравьи и компания

Высшая классификация муравьёв подсемейства Ponerinae с обзором экологии и поведения

Lasius — Tue, 01 Jul 2014 13:58:23 GMT

The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior.

C.A. SCHMIDT & S.O. SHATTUCK

Zootaxa 3817 (1): 001–242 (18 Jun. 2014) .

РЕФЕРАТ. После многолетней работы закончена ревизия понериновых муравьёв. Полностью пересмотрена высшая классификация триб и родов подсемейства Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) с привлечением молекулярных исследований и морфологического разнообразия понерин. Монотипическая триба Thaumatomyrmecini (Thaumatomyrmex) синонимизирована с трибой Ponerini (syn. nov.), а разношёрстный большой род Pachycondyla разделён на 19 родов, главным образом через его бывшие младшие синонимы: Bothroponera, Brachyponera (gen. rev.), Ectomomyrmex (gen. rev.), Euponera (gen. rev.), Hagensia (gen. rev.), Megaponera (gen. rev.), Mesoponera (gen. rev.), Neoponera (gen. rev.), Ophthalmopone (gen. rev.), Pachycondyla, Paltothyreus (gen. rev.), Pseudoneoponera (gen. rev.), Pseudoponera (gen. rev.), и 6 новых родов: Austroponera (gen. nov.), Buniapone (gen. nov.), Fisheropone (gen. nov.), Mayaponera (gen. nov.), Parvaponera (gen. nov.) и Rasopone (gen. nov.). Some junior synonyms of Pachycondyla are transferred to junior synonym status under other genera: Wadeura as a junior synonym of Cryptopone (syn. nov.), and both Termitopone and Syntermitopone as junior synonyms of Neoponera (syn. nov.). Новый род, Iroponera (gen. nov.), основанный на новом виде Iroponera odax (sp. nov.), описан из Австралии. Молекулярные и морфологические доказательства предлагаемых таксономических изменений прилагаются и обсуждаются вместе с дискуссией о филогенетических взаимоотношениях. Предложен определитель родов мировой фауны по регионам Ponerinae, морфологические диагнозы и списки видов даны по каждому роду. Приводится доступная информация по экологии и поведению понериновых муравьёв с анализом и обобщением всех данных.

Род Pachycondyla в результате всех преобразований теперь включает только 11 видов из Неотропики. Кроме того, остается неясным положение 6 видов и 18 ископаемых видов (incertae sedis). Большая часть видов выделены в отдельный неотропический род Neoponera (54 вида), африкано-азиатские рода Bothroponera (53) и Euponera (26), ориентально-австралийский род Ectomomyrmex (27), тропический Brachyponera (24), африканский Paltothyreus (1) и другие.

Крупнейшими родами остаются Leptogenys (211 видов) и Hypoponera (170 видов), а также Anochetus (95), Odontomachus (63), Ponera (53).

Table of contents
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 4
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Material and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Ponerine ecology and behavior: A brief review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .8
Social organization and mating systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..9
Foraging behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Morphological characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 11
Classification of Ponerinae proposed here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Keys to Ponerine genera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Key to New World genera of Ponerinae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Key to African and Malagasy genera of Ponerinae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Key to Eurasian and Australian genera of Ponerinae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Subfamily Ponerinae Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Tribe Platythyreini Emery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Platythyrea Roger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Tribe Ponerini Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Harpegnathos genus group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Harpegnathos Jerdon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Hypoponera genus group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Hypoponera Santschi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Odontomachus genus group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Anochetus Mayr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Asphinctopone Santschi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Bothroponera Mayr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Brachyponera Emery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Buniapone gen. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Euponera Forel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Fisheropone gen. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Hagensia Forel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Leptogenys Roger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Megaponera Mayr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Mesoponera Emery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Myopias Roger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Odontomachus Latreille . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Odontoponera Mayr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Ophthalmopone Forel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Paltothyreus Mayr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Phrynoponera Wheeler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Promyopias Santschi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Pseudoneoponera Donisthorpe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Streblognathus Mayr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Pachycondyla genus group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Belonopelta Mayr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Dinoponera Roger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Mayaponera gen. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Neoponera Emery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Pachycondyla Smith, F.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Simopelta Mann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Thaumatomyrmex Mayr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Plectroctena genus group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Boloponera Fisher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Centromyrmex Mayr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Dolioponera Brown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Feroponera Bolton & Fisher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Loboponera Bolton & Brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Plectroctena Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Psalidomyrmex André . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Ponera genus group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Austroponera gen. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Cryptopone Emery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Diacamma Mayr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Ectomomyrmex Mayr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Emeryopone Forel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Iroponera gen. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Parvaponera gen. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Ponera Latreille . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Pseudoponera Emery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Rasopone gen. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Pachycondyla kipyatkovi sp. n. – новый вид муравьев (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) из группы P. wasmannii с Мадагаскара

Lasius — Tue, 04 Feb 2014 17:16:03 GMT

Pachycondyla kipyatkovi sp. n., a new ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of P. wasmannii-group from Madagascar

D.A. Dubovikoff (Д.А. Дубовиков)

Труды Русского энтомологического общества. С.-Петербург, 2013. Т. 84 (2): 36–38.

Резюме. Новый вид муравьев Pachycondyla kipyatkovi sp. n., принадлежащий к группе видов P. wasmannii, описывается с Мадагаскара. Этот вид отличается от всех остальных видов группы желтой окраской и сравнительно небольшими размерами тела.

ВВЕДЕНИЕ.

Род Pachycondyla Smith, 1858 включает 262 современных вида, которые встречаются в тропических и субтропических странах, и 18 ископаемых вида (Bolton, 2013). Группа P. wasmannii species-group (Rakotonirina, Fisher, 2013) на Мадагаскаре включает 8 видов

(4 из них были описаны как новые для науки в 2013). Здесь описан Pachycondyla kipyatkovi sp. n., первый жёлтого цвета вид член данной видовой группы, получивший своё имя в честь профессора Санкт-Петербургского университета Владилена Евгеньевича Кипяткова (10 марта 1949 - 28 сентября 2012).

Цвет тела и придатков жёлтый. мандибулы коричневые.

Промеры рабочего (голотип): HL – 1.50; HW – 1.28; CI – 0.86; SL – 1.00; SI – 0.78; PW – 0.92; WL – 2.00; NW – 0.80; NH – 0.88; NL – 0.67; LNI – 1.33; DNI – 1.20; EL – 0.13; OI – 0.10.

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

Rakotonirina J. C., Fisher B. L. 2013. Revision of the Pachycondyla wasmannii-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Malagasy region. Zootaxa, 3609(2): 101–141.

Новый ископаемый род Bilobomyrma описан по самцам из Ровенского янтаря (Украина) (B. ukrainica) и из Балтийского янтаря (B. baltica)

Lasius — Tue, 04 Feb 2014 16:59:07 GMT

Bilobomyrma New Genus, A New Extinct Ant Genus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the Late Eocene European Ambers

Alexander Radchenko and Gennady M. Dlussky

Journal of Paleontology, 87(6):1060-1066. 2013

Новый ископаемый род Bilobomyrma описан по самцам из Ровенского янтаря (Украина) (B. ukrainica n.sp.) и из Балтийского янтаря (B. baltica n.sp.). Предварительно новый род включён в трибу Formicoxenini. Bilobomyrma характеризуется 13-члениковыми усиками без апикальной булавы; коротким скапусом, который почти равен длине 1-го и 2-го члеников жгутика вместе взятых; формой 2-го членика жгутика, который длиннее любого сегмента жгутика, кроме апикального; наличием нотаулей на скутуме; отсутствием шпор на голенях средних задних ног. Род Bilobomyrma отличается от других мирмициновых родов необычной формой клипеуса с надрезанным посередине двулопастным передним краем и жилкованием передних крыльев: три замкнутые ячейки — mcu, 1þ2r и 3r; ячейка 3r очень короткая,

примерно в 2 раза длиннее своей ширины; дистальные секции жилки RS и M расходятся от ячейки 1þ2r раздельно.

В настоящее время из Ровенского янтаре известно более 60 видов и 30 родов муравьёв.

Family FORMICIDAE Latreille, 1809

Subfamily MYRMICINAE Lepeletier, 1835

Genus BILOBOMYRMA new genus

Типовой вид — Bilobomyrma ukrainica n. sp., by present designation.

Длина тела 4,3 мм.

Другие виды — Bilobomyrma baltica n. sp.

Длина тела 4,5 мм.

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

DLUSSKY, G. M. AND E. E. PERKOVSKY. 2002. Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the Rovno amber. Vestnik Zoologii, 36:3–20.

DLUSSKY, G. M. AND A. RADCHENKO. 2006a. Fallomyrma gen. nov., a new myrmicine ant genus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the late Eocene European amber. AnnalesZoologici,56:153–157.

DLUSSKY, G. M. AND A. RADCHENKO. 2011. Pristomyrmex rasnitsyni sp. n., the first known fossil species of the ant genus Pristomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the late Eocene Danish Amber. Russian Entomological Journal, 20:251–254.

RADCHENKO, A. AND G. M. DLUSSKY. 2012. Boltonidris gen.nov., the first extinct Stenammini ant genus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the late Eocene Rovno Amber. Annales Zoologici, 62:627–631.

RADCHENKO, A. G. AND E. E. PERKOVSKY. 2009. Monomorium kugleri n.sp., a new fossil ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae) from the late Eocene Rovno Amber (Ukraine). Israel Journal of Entomology, 39:99–103.

МИРМЕКОКОМПЛЕКСЫ ГОРОДОВ УМЕРЕННОГО ПОЯСА ЕВРАЗИИ

Lasius — Tue, 19 Nov 2013 14:23:12 GMT

МИРМЕКОКОМПЛЕКСЫ ГОРОДОВ УМЕРЕННОГО ПОЯСА ЕВРАЗИИ

И. А. Антонов

Сибирский институт физиологии и биохимии растений СО РАН 664033 Иркутск

ЭКОЛОГИЯ, 2013, № 6, с. 471–475

В настоящее время масштабы урбанизации растут ускоренными темпами. При этом происходит деградация природных экосистем и утрата ими биосферных функций. Выбор именно муравьев в качестве модельных объектов для исследования процессов урбанизации обусловлен тем, что благодаря высокой численности, значительной биомассе и длительному периоду активной жизнедеятельности они играют исключительно

важную роль в наземных экосистемах. Наиболее полные исследования особенностей состава и экологического значения муравьев в урбоэкосистемах умеренного пояса Евразии были проведены в городах Варшаве (Pisarski, Czechowski, 1978), Чебоксарах (Красильников, 1985), Екатеринбурге (Малоземова, Малоземов, 1999), Салаире (Блинова, 2009), Иркутске и Гусиноозерске (Антонов, 2008). Наши исследования были выполнены в городах Байкальске, Иркутске, а также в Гусиноозерске, расположенном преимущественно в степном окружении. В этой связи представляет интерес проведение сравнительного анализа мирмекокомплексов семи указанных городов.

Чтобы получить сопоставимые данные при проведении анализа, были приняты два условия: вопервых, выделяли только доминирующий вид, вовторых, для остальных видов отмечали только присутствие или отсутствие. В городах Байкальске, Иркутске и Гусиноозерске сбор муравьев осуществлялся согласно общепринятой методике (Длусский, 1965). Использовался маршрутный метод с полосой 2 м. Для более полного выявления мелких видов, гнезда которых не заметны или плохо заметны с поверхности, применялся метод почвенных проб.

... ...

===

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

Антонов И.А. Мирмекокомплексы двух городов Южного Прибайкалья, находящихся в различных экологических условиях // Экология. 2008. № 6. С.478–479. (Rus. J. Ecology. 2008. V. 39. № 6. p. 454–456).

Антонов И.А., Плешанов А.С. Ландшафтно-экологические комплексы муравьев Байкальской Сибири // Сибирский экол. журн. 2008. № 1. С. 53–57.

Блинова С.В. Влияние свинцовоцинкового предприятия на муравьев // Муравьи и защита леса: Мат-лы докл. XIII Всерос. мирмекол. симп. Нижний Новгород: Изд-во Нижегородского гос. унта, 2009. С.203–206.

Длусский Г.М. Методы количественного учета почвообитающих муравьев // Зоол. журн. 1965. Т. 44. Вып. 5. С. 716–727.

Красильников В.А. Мирмекофауна урбоценоза г. Чебоксары // Мат-лы 23й Всесоюз. науч. студен. конф.: Биология. Новосибирск, 1985. С. 69–73.

Малоземова Л.А., Малоземов Ю.А. Экологические особенности муравьев урбанизированных территорий// Экология. 1999. № 4. С. 313–316. (Rus. J. Ecology. 1999. V. 30. № 4. p. 283–286).

Одум Ю. Основы экологии. М.: Мир, 1975. 740 с.

Песенко Ю.А. Принципы и методы количественного анализа в фаунистических исследованиях. М.: Наука, 1982. 287 с.

Pisarski B., Czechowski W. Influence de la pression urbaine sur la myrmecofaune // Memorabilia Zool. 1978. №29.

P.109–128.

Pristomyrmex с острова Фиджи

Lasius — Sun, 06 Oct 2013 19:46:40 GMT

Pristomyrmex tsujii sp. n. and P. mandibularis Mann (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Fiji

Eli Sarnat, Evan Economo

ZooKeys 340: 43–61, doi: 10.3897/zookeys.340.5479

РЕФЕРАТ

С острова Фиджи описан новый для науки эндемичный вид муравьёв Pristomyrmex tsujii sp. n. Описание сделано по всем кастам, включая рабочих, эргатоидных самок, крылатых самок и самцов. Также впервые описаны касты крылатых самок и самцов для вида Pristomyrmex mandibularis Mann. The ergatoid queens for both species appear to be morphologically intermediate between the worker and alate queen castes. Pristomyrmex tsujii is readily distinguished from Pristomyrmex mandibularis by the lack of well-developed propodeal spines. Although both species occur across the Fijian archipelago, they are rarely encountered and workers are most often collected from sifted litter. Все описания сопровождаются фотографиями собранных типовых экземпляров и картами распространения.

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Род Pristomyrmex Mayr iвключает 59 современных валидных видов муравьёв из тропиков Старого Света (Bolton 2013). Its center of diversity is the Oriental region, though species are also known from the Australian rainforests, Africa, Mauritius and Reunion. Most species inhabit the rainforest, forage as predators or scavengers, and tend to nest in soil, leaf litter or rotten wood. A comprehensive and well-illustrated taxonomic revision of the genus across its range was completed by Wang (2003). Subsequent taxonomic work on the genus includes a review of the Philippine Pristomyrmex with three new descriptions and a key to species (Zettel 2006), and a key to the Taiwan species (Terayama 2009).

Фиджи это восточная окраина ареала рода Pristomyrmex, aside from Pristomyrmex minusculus Wang which is known from Tonga in addition toPapua New Guinea, Micronesia, and Queensland, Australia. Pristomyrmex mandibularis was first described by Mann (1921), and a second species from Fiji, described here as Pristomyrmex tsujii, was reported in Sarnat and Economo (2012) as Pristomyrmex sp. FJ02. Both species belong to the levigatus group. These ants are most often encountered in the leaf litter, and small colonies of Pristomyrmex mandibularis can be found nesting in rotting logs and under stones.

Оба обнаруженных на Фиджи вида produce a discrete ergatoid queen caste that is intermediate between a worker and an alate queen. Ergatoid queens in the genus have also been reported for Pristomyrmex punctatus Mayr, Pristomyrmex africanus Karavaiev, Pristomyrmex brevispinosus Emery and Pristomyrmex wheeleri Taylor. Previous studies (Heinze 1998; Peeters 1991) proposed that in truly ergatoid species the genetically winged female reproductive caste has been completely replaced by a permanently wingless female reproductive caste. By contrast, intermorph queens are a regularly produced caste that retain all reproductive functions of alate queens and can also co-occur with alate queens. Although the latter condition more accurately applies to both species of the Fijian Pristomyrmex, we continue to use the term ergatoid to describe the permanently wingless queen caste as it is broadly accepted across myrmecology and more easily facilitates comparative studies (Peeters 2012).

Данная работа по муравьям рода Pristomyrmex tsujii and Pristomyrmex mandibularis is part of an ongoing effort to characterize the systematics, ecology and evolution of the Fijian ant fauna (Economo and Sarnat 2012; Lucky and Sarnat 2008, 2010; Sarnat 2006, 2008; Sarnat and Economo 2012; Sarnat and Moreau 2011).

Pristomyrmex tsujii sp. n.

ДИАГНОЗ

Pristomyrmex tsujii workers are polished red, stoutly built and often foveolate. The propodeum is either armed with small denticles or entirely unarmed. The lack of strong propodeal spines (Figs 5–6) separates workers, ergatoid queens and alate queens of Pristomyrmex tsujii (Figs 12, 13, 18) from those of the sympatric Pristomyrmex mandibularis (Figs 24, 27, 30). The same character is used to diagnose the males, but the spines are reduced to denticles in Pristomyrmex mandibularis (Fig. 33) and entirely absent in Pristomyrmex tsujii (Fig. 21). Additionally, the males of Pristomyrmex tsujii tend more towards brown than black. The only congeneric species with an unarmed propodeum is Pristomyrmex inermis Wang from New Guinea which also belongs to the levigatus group. Pristomyrmex tsujii has a more nodiform petiole (Figs 3–4), a stronger median clypeal tooth (Fig. 10), and more abundant foveae between the frontal carinae (Figs 7–10).

Worker (Figs 1–6, 11–13). Measurements (n = 20): TL 2.63–3.35, HW 0.66–0.88, HL 0.67–0.87, CI 96–105, SL 0.59–0.77, SI 84–93, EL 0.08–0.11, PW 0.41–0.6, ML 0.61–0.79, PeH 0.24–0.29, PeL 0.14–0.18, PeI 54–71, PpH 0.25–0.31, PpL 0.14–0.19, PpI 47–67. Holotype measurements: TL 3.03, HW 0.79, HL 0.81, CI 99, SL 0.70, SI 89, EL 0.1, PW 0.5, ML 0.72, PeH 0.25, PeL 0.14, PeI 58, PpH 0.25, PpL 0.16, PpI 65.

ЭТИМОЛОГИЯ

Этот новый вид был назван в честь Prof. Kazuki Tsuji in honor of his extensive work on the social biology of Pristomyrmex punctatus, and his efforts to promote connectivity between the Japanese and international research communities. The species epithet is a noun in apposition and thus invariant.

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

André E (1905) Description d’un genre nouveau et de deux espèces nouvelles de fourmis d’Australie. Revue d’Entomologie (Caen) 24: 205-208.

Bolton B (2013) An online catalog of the ants of the world. http://antcat.org. [accessed 7 Aug. 2013]

Brown WL Jr., Wilson EO (1956) Character displacement. Systematic Zoology 5: 49-64. doi: 10.2307/2411924

Buschinger A, Heinze J (1992) Polymorphism of female reproductives in ants. In: Billen JPJ (Ed) Biology and evolution of social insects. Leuven University Press, Leuven. ix + 390 p., 11-23.

Economo EP, Sarnat EM (2012) Revisiting the ants of Melanesia and the taxon cycle: historical and human-mediated invasions of a tropical archipelago. American Naturalist 180: E1–E16. doi: 10.1086/665996

Evenhuis NL, Bickel DJ (2005) The NSF-Fiji terrestrial arthropod survey: overview. Occassional Papers of the Bernice P Bishop Museum 82: 3-25.

Emery C (1887) Catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del Museo Civico di Genova. Parte terza. Formiche della regione Indo-Malese e dell’Australia (continuazione e fine). [part]. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale 25[=(2)5]: 433–448.

Heinze J (1998) Intercastes, intermorphs, and ergatoid queens: who is who in ant reproduction? Insectes Sociaux 45: 113–124. doi: 10.1007/s000400050073

Heinze J, Tsuji K (1995) Ant reproductive strategies. Researches on Population Ecology Kyoto 37: 135-149. doi: 10.1007/BF02515814

Karavaiev V (1931) Ameisen aus Englisch-Ostafrika. Zoologischer Anzeiger 95: 42-51.

Lucky A, Sarnat EM (2008) New species of Lordomyrma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Southeast Asia and Fiji. Zootaxa 1681: 37-46.

Lucky A, Sarnat EM (2010) Biogeography and diversification of the Pacific ant genus Lordomyrma Emery. Journal of Biogeography 37: 624-634. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02242.x

Mann WM (1921) The ants of the Fiji Islands. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 64: 401-499.

Mayr G (1866) Diagnosen neuer und wenig gekannter Formiciden. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 16: 885–908, Tafel XX.

Peeters C (1991) Ergatoid queens and intercastes in ants: two distinct adult forms which look morphologically intermediate between workers and winged queens. Insectes Sociaux 38: 1–15. doi: 10.1007/BF01242708

Peeters C (2012) Convergent evolution of wingless reproductives across all subfamilies of ants, and sporadic loss of winged queens (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News 16: 75-91.

Sarnat EM (2006) Lordomyrma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Fiji Islands. In: Evenhuis NL, Bickel DJ (Eds) Fiji Arthropods VI, Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, 9–42, erratum.

Sarnat EM (2008) A taxonomic revision of the Pheidole roosevelti-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Fiji. Zootaxa 1767: 1-36.

Sarnat EM, Economo EP (2012) Ants of Fiji. University of California Publications in Entomology 132: 1-398.

Sarnat EM, Moreau CS (2011) Biogeography and morphological evolution in a Pacific island ant radiation. Molecular Ecology 20: 114-130. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04916.x

Taylor RW (1965) The Australian ants of the genus Pristomyrmex, with a case of apparent character displacement. Psyche (Cambridge) 72: 35-54. doi: 10.1155/1965/74834

Terayama M (2009) A synopsis of the family Formicidae of Taiwan (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Research Bulletin of Kanto Gakuen University Liberal Arts 17: 81-266.

Tsuji K (1988) Obligate parthenogenesis and reproductive division of labor in the Japanese queenless ant Pristomyrmex pungens. Comparison of intranidal and extranidal workers. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 23: 247-255. doi: 10.1007/BF00302947

Wang M (2003) A monographic revision of the ant genus Pristomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 157: 383-542.

Zettel H (2006) On the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Philippine Islands: I. The genus Pristomyrmex Mayr, 1866. Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8: 59-68.

Cardiocondyla pirata sp. n. - новый вид муравья с необычной пигментацией тела, напоминающей повязку пиратов через глаз

Lasius — Mon, 12 Aug 2013 21:39:35 GMT

Cardiocondyla pirata sp. n. – a new Philippine ant with enigmatic pigmentation pattern (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Bernhard Seifert, Sabine Frohschammer

ZooKeys. 2013. 301: 13–24, doi: 10.3897/zookeys.301.4913. Published 17 May 2013

РЕФЕРАТ.

Из Филиппин описан новый для науки и очень необычно окрашенный муравей из рода Cardiocondyla Emery, 1869 – Cardiocondyla pirata sp. n. Этот мелкий муравей (длина тела около 1 - 2 мм) принадлежит к Индо-малайской группе из 6 видов is characterized by workers having a strongly bilobate postpetiolar sternite and a thickset mesosoma with strongly convex dorsal profile as well as wingless, ergatoid males with sickle-shaped mandibles. The female castes show a pigmentation pattern not known from any ant worldwide. If having any adaptive value, a possible function of this structure is supposed to be visual dissolution of body shape in order to irritate predators. Адаптивной значение такой необычной пигментации тела остается неясным.

ВВЕДЕНИЕ.

105 валидных названий видов зафиксировано в составе рода Cardiocondyla Emery, 1869 and 68 of these are currently considered to designate bona species (Bolton 2012). While there is a rather good taxonomic knowledge of the species groups distributed in the Palaearctic (Seifert 2003), the situation in the Oriental, Indo-Malayan and Australasian faunal regions is poorly known. This is indicated by the fact that there is a minimum of 15 morphologically well-separated, but yet undescribed species from this region in the collection of the Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Goerlitz (unpublished protocols of the senior author).

Во время полевых исследований в Hortarium of the Los Baños University / Philippines, один из авторов собрал два гнездовых материала Cardiocondyla демонстрировавших совершенно необычную раскраску и пигментацию тела, неизвестную ни у одного ранее известного вида муравьёв. The new species belongs to a species group that is distributed from Thailand across the whole Indo-Malayan region and contains a minimum of six yet undescribed species. This species group is characterized by a strongly bilobate postpetiolar sternite, a thickset mesosoma with strongly convex dorsal profile and wingless, ergatoid males with sickle-shaped mandibles.

ОПИСАНИЕ

Cardiocondyla pirata sp. n.

РАБОЧИЕ (Figs 1–2, Table 1): Длина тела около 1,5 мм. Необычная пигментация не даёт спутать этот вид ни с одним другим видом муравьёв мировой фауны. Unmistakable pigmentation pattern for an ant worldwide. Lateral head at horizontal level of eye with an extended, longitudinal, dark brown ribbon that is as broad as the eye; this ribbon is flanked below and above by broad bands without any pigment (as result appearing whitish). Vertex, scape, postpetiole, gaster, procoxae, tibiae and femora except their proximal and distal portions light yellowish brown. Mesosoma light orange brown. Petiole, meso- and metacoxae, clypeus, spines, funiculus as well as proximal and distal portions of femora without pigmentation (appearing whitish). Very small size [CS 397 µm]. Head moderately elongated [CL/CW 1.132]. Postocular distance relatively small [PoOc/CL 0.408]. Eye rather small [EYE/CS 0.226]. With maximum CL and CW in visual plane, outlines of head roughly heart-shaped, with strongly concave posterior margin and an almost straight anterior clypeal margin (a distinct concavity appears after a tilt to frontodorsal viewing position when the three clypeal macrosetae become fully visible). Frontal carinae much more closely spaced than in any related species [FRS/CS 0.242], subparallel and slightly diverging frontal of the FRS level. Mesosoma thickset, its dorsal profile evenly convex. Anterior pronotum in dorsal view rounded, without pronounced corners. Propodeal spines straight and much shorter than in any related species [SP/CS 0.208], in dorsal view slightly diverging, in lateral view straight and with their axis deviating by 40° from longitudinal axis of mesosoma. Petiole in lateral view rather massive, clearly higher than postpetiole, with a short peduncle, a slightly concave anterior profile and a convex dorsal node that steeply slopes down to the caudal cylinder; the node in dorsal view semiglobular and slightly wider than long. Postpetiole in dorsal view with a straight or slightly concave anterior margin, rounded sides and much wider than long; its sternite with pronounced anterolateral corners that are formed by bilateral lobes which strongly protrude compared to anteromedian level. Whole surface of head, mesosoma and petiole with a very fine (mesh diameter on vertex only 8-9 µm) but deeply sculptured reticulum, thus appearing at lower magnifications perfectly matt. Postpetiole less deeply sculptured. Scapes, coxae, femora and tibiae with fine microreticlum and appearing matt at lower magnifications. First gaster tergite very finely microreticulate-shagreened, also appearing matt at lower magnifications. All cuticular surfaces including those of the appendages with decumbent, dilute pubescence. Pubescence on 1st gaster tergite much longer and denser than in any related species [PLG/CS 7.21%, sqPDG 3.92], on anterior surface directed caudad and on posterior one caudomediad. For morphometric data of 6 workers (three from each sample) see Table 1.

САМКИ (Figs 3, 4, Table 1): Сходна с рабочими. Необычная пигментация не даёт спутать этот вид ни с одним другим видом муравьёв мировой фауны. Unmistakable pigmentation pattern most similar to that described in the worker. Very small size [CS 437 µm]. Head shape comparable to worker but head more elongated, CL/CW 1.152. Postocular distance relatively small [PoOc/CL 0.401]. Frontal carinae much more closely spaced than in any related species [FRS/CS 0.248], subparallel and slightly diverging frontal of the FRS level. Mesosoma shorter than in the next related species [ML/CS 1.301]. Propodeal spines straight and much shorter than in any related species [SP/CS 0.229], in dorsal view slightly diverging, in lateral view straight and with their axis deviating by 30° from longitudinal axis of mesosoma. Petiolar and postpetiolar shape comparable to worker but with the usual gyne-specific shape transformation: increased segment width and height relative to their length and postpetiole in dorsal view with a more concave anterior margin. All body surfaces appearing matt at lower magnification. Cuticular sculpture on all body surfaces similar to worker but several larger foveolae of 15–21 µm diameter, showing a central tubercle as basis of a pubescence hair, are interspersed within the fine reticulum of head and mesosoma. All cuticular surfaces, including those of the appendages, with decumbent, dilute pubescence. Pubescence on 1st gaster tergite much longer and denser than in any related species (PLG/CS 7.68%, sqPDG 2.63), on anterior surface directed caudad and on posterior one caudomediad. For morphometric data of 3 gynes see Table 1.

САМЦЫ (Figs 5, 6, Table 1): Эргатоидный самец. With exception of the blackish eyes, whole body concolorous pale yellowish. Nanitic size [CS 341 µm]. Antennae with 11 segments. Mandibles long and sickle-shaped, toothless. Head short [CL/CW 1.070]. Postocular distance relatively small [PoOc/CL 0.420]. Eye small [EYE/CS 0.210]. With maximum CL and CW in visual plane, outlines of head roughly trapezoid, with only weakly concave posterior margin and sides of head converging frontad. Anterior clypeal margin with a broad angular excision forming an angle of about 145°. Clypeus strongly extending caudad to about half length of frontal carinae. Frontal carinae much more distant than in female castes [FRS/CS 0.347] and almost parallel. Mesosoma very thickset and short, its dorsal profile evenly convex. With mesosoma in dorsal view, anterior pronotum rounded, without pronounced corners; pronotum and anterior mesonotum nearly twice as wide than the distance between the parallel sides of dorsal propodeum. Propodeal spines short, reduced to triangular dents. Petiole in lateral view more elongated, with a distinct peduncle, a concave anterior face and a high and short node that shows a rounded dorsum and falls almost perpendicularly down to the caudal cylinder. Petiolar node in dorsal view nearly 2.5 fold wider than long, in anterior view strongly diverging dorsad and with an emarginate dorsal crest. Postpetiole in dorsal view 1.7 fold wider than its median length, with a slightly concave anterior margin and rounded sides; its sternite with pronounced anterolateral corners that are formed by bilateral lobes which strongly protrude compared to anteromedian level. Sculpture on all body surfaces similar to worker but sculpture and microsculpture on postpetiole and 1st gaster tergite less developed - as result these surfaces moderately shining. All cuticular surfaces including those of the appendages with decumbent, dilute pubescence. Pubescence on 1st gaster tergite much longer than in worker [PLG/CS 9.53%, sqPDG 3.66], on anterior surface directed caudad and on posterior one caudomediad. For morphometric data of the single investigated male see Table 1.

КОММЕНТАРИИ.

Новый муравей Cardiocondyla pirata sp. n. cannot be confused with any ant worldwide because of its unique pigmentation pattern. This clear identification is supported by diagnostic structural and shape characters: there is no overlap with the five other undescribed species of this species group in the characters FRS/CS, SP/CS and PLG/CS and there is little overlap in PEW/CS and sqPDG (Table 1).

Одна из найденных полных колоний этого вида содержала three dealate queens, 15 workers and brood was collected in the field. From a second colony, only a sample was taken in EtOH. The first colony produced over 20 female sexuals and one ergatoid male in the lab, but thereafter died. Hence, there are no long-term observations on the life history of this interesting species. Considering the situation in related species of the Oriental and Indo-Malayan region (Heinze et al. 2010, Oettler et al. 2010), we may predict for Cardiocondyla pirata sp. n. the following biological traits: (a) there are only ergatoid males - winged males, which are an ancestral trait in Cardiocondyla, are no longer developed, (b) ergatoid males are long-lived, mate always inside the nest and try to kill rivals using their sickle-shaped mandibles in order to monopolize the matings and (c) nests should contain 1–4 queens.

Остаётся совершенно неясным и загадочным адаптивной значение столь экстраординарной пигментации покровов тела этих мелких муравьёв. The poor resolution of the visual system (workers and males have only 50–65 ommatidiae per eye) and the dominance of chemical and tactile recognition cues in these ants as well as the fact that mating happens in darkness of the nest certainly exclude a function as an intraspecific recognition signal. A possible function could be visual dissolution of body shape by alternating dark and light pigment in order to escape the attention of a predator. The unpigmented petiole in particular, being in living condition rather translucent, permits the visual impression that anterior and posterior body are separate objects. Remains the question: Which predator with a high-performance visual system could consume these tiny ants?

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

Bolton B. (2012). New general catalogue of the ants of the world - Online version of 1 January 2012.

Heinze J., Schmidt C.V., Nugroho H., Seifert B. (2010). Wingless fighter males in the Wallacean ant Cardiocondyla nigrocerea (Insecta: Formicidae) – The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 58 (2): 323–328.

Oettler J., Suefuji M., Heinze J. (2010). The evolution of alternate reproductive tactics in male Cardiocondyla ants. – Evolution 64/11: 3310–3317. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01090.x

Seifert B. (2002). How to distinguish most similar insect species - improving the stereomicroscopic and mathematical evaluation of external characters by example of ants -The Journal of Applied Entomology 126 (9): 445–454. doi: 10.1046/j.1439-0418.2002.00693.x

Seifert B. (2003). The ant genus Cardiocondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - a taxonomic revision of the elegans, bulgarica, batesii, nuda, shuckardi, stambuloffii, wroughtonii, emeryi, and minutior species groups. - Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien, Serie B, 104: 203–338.

Муравьи рода Camponotus Турции с описанием четырёх новых для науки видов

Lasius — Mon, 12 Aug 2013 19:10:02 GMT

Descriptions of Four New Species of Camponotus Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Key for the Worker Caste of the Camponotus of Turkey.

Celal Karaman and Nihat Aktaç

Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 86(1):36-56. 2013.

РЕФЕРАТ.

В дополнение к 38 известным таксонам добавлены новые. 4 новых вида рода Camponotus описаны из Турции: C. (Myrmentoma) aktaci C.Karaman new species, C. (Myrmentoma) anatolicus new species, C. (Myrmentoma) hirtus new species и C. (Myrmentoma) honaziensis new species. Кроме того, ещё 2 вида впервые обнаружены в фауне Турции, C. (Myrmentoma) abrahami Forel,1913 и C. (Tanaemyrmex) oasium Forel, 1890. Перепроверка типового материала C.fedtschenkoi из Eastern Anatolia показала его идентичность с видом C.buddhae. Поэтому первый (C.fedtschenkoi ) исключен из фауны Турции. Составлены определительные таблицы рода Camponotus.

ВВЕДЕНИЕ.

Род Camponotus это крупнейший муравьиный род, включающий около 1580 видов и подвидов в мировой фауне и около 230 в Палеарктике. В Турции было известно 38 видов и подвидов (34 вида и 4 подвида ) из 5 подродов (Camponotus s.str. Mayr, Colobopsis Mayr, Myrmentoma Forel, Myrmosericus Forel, Tanaemyrmex Ashmead). Это больше, чем в любом соседнем регионе. Греция - 32 вида, Иран - 28, Ирак - 13, Сирия -15, Болгария - 14, Грузия - 9, Армения - 10.

Было обследовано более 3000 гнездовых материалов, собранных в 1965-2011 гг. Из 38 видов и подвидов, указанных для Турции по старым литературным данным, авторами в обследованных материалах не обнаружены 10 таксонов, существование которых на территории Турции требует подтверждения. тем не менее есть и новые сенсационные открытия, это прежде всего сразу 4 новых для науки вида, описанные и проиллюстрированные в статье двух турецких энтомологов: аспиранта и его учителя. Первый (C.Karaman) назвал один из видов в честь своего руководителя (Nihat Aktaç) и ранее в 2011 году защитил диссертацию по муравьям этого рода в рамках исследования всей турецкой мирмекофауны. Кроме того, ещё 2 вида впервые обнаружены в фауне Турции, C. (Myrmentoma) abrahami Forel, 1913 и C. (Tanaemyrmex) oasium Forel, 1890.

C. (Myrmentoma) aktaci C.Karaman new species,

C. (Myrmentoma) anatolicus new species,

C. (Myrmentoma) hirtus new species

C. (Myrmentoma) honaziensis new species.

ЛИТЕРАТУРА.

Ionescu-Hirsh, A. 2009. An annotated list of Camponotus of Israel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a key and descriptions of new species. Israel Journal of Entomology 39:57–98.

Karaman, C. 2011. Camponotus Mayr,1861 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Formicinae) Cinsi Tu¨rkiye Revizyonu. Ph. D. Dissertation, Trakya University; Edirne;V + 225pp.

Karaman, C., N.Aktac, and K. Kiran. 2011. Ants of the genus Camponotus Mayr, 1861 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Kaz Mountains, Turkey, with descriptions of sexuals of Camponotus candiotes Emery, 1894 and Camponotus ionius Emery, 1920. Turkish Journal of Zoology 35:183–197.

Новый ископаемый вид муравьёв с необычным ротовым аппаратом - Zigrasimecia

Lasius — Tue, 02 Jul 2013 14:16:22 GMT

A New Genus of Highly Specialized Ants in Cretaceous Burmese Amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).

PHILLIP BARDEN & DAVID GRIMALDI

Zootaxa. 2013 год, том 3681 (4): 405–412 (published: 24 Jun. 2013)

РЕФЕРАТ

Из Бирманских меловых янтарей (Мьянма, Юго-Восточная Азия) описан новый уникальный специализированный вид и род ископаемых муравьёв Zigrasimecia tonsora Barden and Grimaldi n.sp. Возраст янтарей около 99 млн лет. Род Zigrasimecia очень близок к другому ископаемому меловому муравью Sphecomyrmodes Engel and Grimaldi, based in part on the shared possession of a comb of pegs on the clypeal margin, as well as mandible structure. Highly specialized features of Zigrasimecia include extensive development of the clypeal comb, a thick brush of setae on the oral surface of the mandibles and on the labrum, and a head that is broad, flattened, and which bears a crown of blackened, rugose cuticle. Mouthparts are hypothesized to have functioned in a unique manner, showing no clear signs of dentition representative of "chewing” or otherwise processing solid food. Although all ants in Burmese amber are basal, stem-group taxa, there is an unexpected diversity of mouthpart morphologies and probable feeding modes.

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Среди почти 13000 видов описанных муравьёв a handful of rare and enigmatic taxa from the Cretaceous. Датирование на основании молекулярных часов показало, что crown-group ants diverged from their wasp-like ancestors between 115–135 (Brady et al. 2006) and 140–168 million years ago (Moreau et al. 2006), the oldest definitive ant fossils are approximately 100 myo, despite numerous older insect-yielding deposits (Nel et al. 2004). In amber deposits where ants are found, formicid inclusions from the Upper Cretaceous comprise between <1 and 3% of the total number of individual insects (LaPolla et al. 2013), a palpable contrast to much younger Miocene deposits where ant prevalence is as high as 24–36% (Grimaldi and Engel 2005; Dlussky and Rasnitsyn 2007). While younger amber deposits typically contain species that are readily placed in extant lineages (Dlussky and Rasnitsyn 2003), only one species of crown-group ant (a formicine) has been definitively identified before the Campanian (Grimaldi and Agosti 2000). The rest of the, proposed stem-group, Cretaceous taxa possess an array of unique morphologies that renders them unrecognizable with regard to modern groups and their relationship to living species is poorly explored. Ants from the Upper Cretaceous therefore act as valuable portholes, providing otherwise unknowable details at a critical time in the history of these small insects that now dominate terrestrial environments across the world.

Ископаемые муравьи обычно идентифицируются на основании ключевых муравьиных признаков, таких как наличие метаплевральных желёз, petiole, and an enlarged antennal scape. While the possession of one individual character does not imply that the insect in question is indeed a member of crown-group or stem-group ants, different combinations of the presence and absence among these characters have been the basis for taxonomic assignment. The metapleural gland, visible as a small opening on the posterior region of the mesosoma, is now known to function as a form of toxic defense and sanitation (Yek and Mueller 2011). Although it has been lost in many extant species, it is not present in any other groups of insects, and therefore is probably the most reliable defining character of ants. The vast majority of Cretaceous ants have been placed in the extinct subfamily Sphecomyrminae, their placement owing largely to this gland. Sphecomyrmine ants possess a metapleural gland, along with a petiole, but not the characteristic "elbowed antennae” that modern ants exhibit and so this subfamily is widely recognized as a stem-group of all other Formicidae (e.g., Ward 2007). Подсемейство Sphecomyrminae включает 8 родов и 15 видов (LaPolla et al. 2013), and, while there is no phylogenetic evidence to suggest the subfamily is monophyletic, one analysis has shown it may be a member of the group that is sister to all modern ants (Grimaldi et al. 1997).

СИСТЕМАТИКА

Zigrasimecia Barden And Grimaldi, new genus

ДИАГНОЗ, самка: Based on unique dealate specimen. Similar to Sphecomyrmodes based on structure of the mandible (with only two large teeth: one apical, one subapical); ocelli large, scape very short (slightly less than twice the length of pedicel), 12 antennomeres, eyes relatively small, and clypeal margin with row of peg-like denticles. Differs from Sphecomyrmodes by the flattened, broad head with irregular posterodorsal margin; very

broad, concave clypeal margin with many more (ca. 30) denticles, plus two shorter rows of denticles ventrally; mandibles about half the length, with dense brush of spicule-like setae on oral surface; setae-coated labrum; presence of raised toruli and shallow lateral antennal scrobes; vertex of head with pair of oval, melanized, rugose patches.

ТИПОВОЙ ВИД. Z. tonsora, new species.

ЭТИМОЛОГИЯ. Patronym, for Mr. James Zigras, and –mecia, a common suffix for ant genera. In acknowledgment of Mr. Zigras’ generosity in loaning this and many other rare and scientifically valuable specimens from his collection of Burmese amber.

Zigrasimecia tonsora, Barden and Grimaldi, new species

...

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

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Bolton, B. (2003) Synopsis and classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 71, 1–370.

Brady, S.G., Schultz, T.R., Fisher, B.L. & Ward, P.S. (2006) Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(48), 18172–18177.

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Dlussky, G.M. (1996) Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Burmese amber. Paleontological Journal, 30(4), 449–454.

Dlussky, G.M. & Rasnitsyn, A.P. (2003) Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Formation Green River and some other Middle Eocene deposits of North America. Russian Entomological Journal, 11, 411–436.

Dlussky, G.M. & Rasnitsyn, A.P. (2007) Paleontological record and stages of ant evolution. Uspehi Sovremennoi Biologii, 127, 118–34.

Engel, M.S. & Grimaldi, D.A. (2005) Primitive new ants in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, New Jersey, and Canada (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). American Museum Novitates, 3485, 1–23.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/0003-0082(2005)485[0001:PNAICA]2.0.CO;2

Grimaldi, D., Agosti, D. & Carpenter, J.M. (1997) New and rediscovered primitive ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Cretaceous amber from New Jersey, and their phylogenetic relationships. American Museum Novitates, 3208, 1–43.

Grimaldi, D. & Agosti, D. (2000) A formicine in New Jersey Cretaceous amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and early evolution of the ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97, 13678–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.240452097

Grimaldi, D., Engel, M.S. & Nascimbene, P. (2002) Fossiliferous Cretaceous amber from Burma (Myanmar): its rediscovery, biotic diversity, and paleontological significance. American Museum Novitates, 3361, 1–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/0003-0082(2002)361%3C0001:FCAFMB%3E2.0.CO;2

Grimaldi, D.A. & Engel, M.S. (2005) Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press, New York. 755 pp.

Hölldobler, B. & Wilson, E.O. (1990) The Ants. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. 630 pp.

Keller, R.A. (2011) A phylogenetic analysis of ant morphology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with special reference to the poneromorph subfamilies. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 355, 1–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/355.1

LaPolla, J.S., Dlussky, G.M. & Perrichot, V. (2013) Ants and the Fossil Record. The Annual Review of Entomology, 58, 609–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100600

McKellar, R.C., Glasier, J. & Engel, M.S. (2013) A new trap-jawed ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Haidomyrmecini) from Canadian Late Cretaceous Amber. The Canadian Entomlogist, 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2013.23

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Yoshimura, M., Fisher, B.L. (2012) A revision of male ants of the Malagasy Amblyoponinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with resurrections of the genera Stigmatomma and Xymmer. PLOS ONE, 7(3), e33325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033325

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Загадочный род муравьёв Anillidris (Formicidae Dolichoderinae Leptomyrmecini)

Lasius — Sun, 16 Jun 2013 11:25:32 GMT

News on the enigmatic ant genus Anillidris (Hymenoptera Formicidae Dolichoderinae Leptomyrmecini)

Fernando Augusto SCHMIDT, Rodrigo Machado FEITOSA, Francisko DE MORAES REZENDE & Rodrigo SILVA DE JESUS.

Myrmecol. News (2013) 19: 25-30.

РЕФЕРАТ

Впервые за более чем полвека подтверждено существование одного из самых загадочных видов муравьёв. Это бледно-жёлтые мелкие рабочие муравьи длиной 2-3 мм (самцы и самки темно-бурые, 5 мм). Он был описан в 1936 году из Южной Америки после чего почти "исчез". Авторы новой работы собрали 17 рабочих муравьёв редчайшего вида Anillidris bruchi SANTSCHI, 1936 in a semideciduous rainforest remnant in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, using a hypogaeic pitfall trap placed at a depth of 50 cm below the soil surface. WАвторы также сообщают об обнаружении нескольких самок в районе Cotia, São Paulo state, deposited at the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. Дополнительно, авторы сделали первые высококачественные с хорошим разрешением фотографии рабочих, самцов и самок A. bruchi. Ранее он был известен по всего по нескольким экземплярам, собранным в 1930-х годах в южной Бразилии, северной Аргентине и возможно из Парагвая (1981?). Regardless of the uncertain Paraguayan record, all known sampling localities have a common phytogeographic origin, sharing similar climatic and environmental characteristics. It has long been thought that A. bruchi was a rare species with a restricted distribution; however, the new record reported here suggests that this could be an artifact of sampling insufficiency related to the sub-terranean life style of this species. The present finding of A. bruchi reaffirms that the subterranean ant fauna is a promising frontier for studies on ant biodiversity with opportunities for new myrmecological discoveries.

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

KEMPF, W.W. 1972: Catálogo abreviado das formigas da Regiao Neotropical. – Studia Entomologica 15: 1-344.

KUSNEZOV, N. 1953: Die Ameisenfauna Argentiniens. – Zoologischer Anzeiger 150: 15-25.

RABELING, C., BROWN, J.M. & VERHAAGH, M. 2008: Newly discovered sister lineage sheds light on early ant evolution. – Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United

States of America 105: 14913-14917.

SANTSCHI, F. 1936: Fourmis nouvelles ou intéressantes de la République Argentine. – Revista de Entomologia 6: 402-421.

SANTSCHI, F. 1937: Les sexués du genre Anillidris SANTSCHI. – Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 42: 68-70.

SHATTUCK, S.O. 1992: Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dolichoderinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). – Sociobiology 21: 1-181.

Ревизия муравьёв Pseudonotoncus и Teratomyrmex - эндемиков Австралии

Lasius — Sun, 16 Jun 2013 11:05:41 GMT

Revision of the Australian endemic ant genera Pseudonotoncus and Teratomyrmex (Hymenoptera Formicidae Formicinae)

S.O. SHATTUCK (1) & A.J. O’REILLY (2)

1 CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. E-mail: steve.shattuck@csiro.au

2 Centre for Tropical Biodiversity & Climate Change, School of Marine & Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811

Zootaxa (2013) 3669 (3): 287–301 (7 Jun. 2013)

РЕФЕРАТ

Ревизованы Австралийские эндемичные рода муравьёв Pseudonotoncus и Teratomyrmex, обзор их распространения и биологии. Описаны 3 новых для науки вида. Оба рода ограничены в своём распространении лесами восточного побережья Австралии. Род Pseudonotoncus известен по 2 видам, P. eurysikos (new species) и P. hirsutus (= P. turneri, new synonym), а род Teratomyrmex известен по 3 видам, T. greavesi, T. substrictus (new species) и T. tinae (new species). Distribution modelling was used to examine habitat preferences within the Pseudonotoncus species.

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Австралия обладает одной из крупнейших и разнообразнейших мирмекофаун мира, в ней более 1400 нативных видов и 100 родов. Из этих 100 родов, 18 эндемики Австралии: Adlerzia, Anisopheidole, Austromorium, Doleromyrma, Epopostruma, Froggattella, Machomyrma, Mesostruma, Myrmecorhynchus, Nebothriomyrmex, Nothomyrmecia, Notostigma, Melophorus, Onychomyrma, Peronomyrmex, Pseudonotoncus, Stigmacros and Teratomyrmex. In the present study we revise two of these endemic genera, Pseudonotoncus and Teratomyrmex.

Род Pseudonotoncus встречается вдоль восточного побережья Австралии от wet tropics in North Queensland to southern Victoria in rainforest and wet and dry sclerophyll forests. Specimens of this genus are uncommon and forage primarily on vegetation and tree trunks, both during the day and at night. The only known nest was found in soil. Nothing more is known of their biology.

Впервые таксон Pseudonotoncus был установлен Clarke (1934) for the single species Pseudonotoncus hirsutus. This species was known from only a single nest found in the Gellibrand Forest on the Otway Peninsula in Victoria. Donisthorpe (1937) described a second species, Pseudonotoncus turneri, from the Tambourine Mountains in Queensland, some 1,500km to the north-east of the type locality of Clark's P. hirsutus. Donisthorpe’s description of P. turneri mirrors that of P. hirsutus in all aspects except colour. Brown (1955) noted that P. hirsutus had considerable variation in colour and, particularly on the propodeum and petiole, in sculpturation. He also speculated that, while P. hirsutus and P. turneri were likely the same species, additional species may emerge with more thorough collecting. Taylor (1992) also recognised that there was no convincing evidence to support P. hirsutus and P. turneri as separate species but mentioned that Clark had labelled one specimen from Woori Yallock, Victoria, with an unpublished species name ("breviceps"). This specimen is currently held in ANIC (Acc. No. 32-010753) and the name was never published

В контраст к Pseudonotoncus, род Teratomyrmex сравнительно редко обнаруживется и пока его ареал ограничен прибрежными регионами штата Квинсленд and extreme north-eastern New South Wales. Its main habitat is high-elevation rainforests and other suitably wet areas. Nests occur within damp rotting timber and workers forage in trees and on the ground around the nests. Very little is known of its biology.

Впервые род Teratomyrmex был описан McAreavey (1957) from specimens collected in 1942 by T. Greaves from the Blackall Range in Queensland. McAreavey gave the genus the name Teratomyrmex after the latin ‘terato’, meaning monster, wonder, or marvel. The genus has been characterised by the distinct wing-like projections on the pronotum which were described by Wheeler and Wheeler (1974) ‘as if it has a huge tumor on the top of its thorax’. However, more recently found species, described here for the first time, have these pronotal projections less well developed, although still present.

ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕЛЬ ВИДОВ Pseudonotoncus Clark, 1934

1. Petiole approximately square in dorsal view (Figs 1D, 3); in lateral view almost as long as high, the anterior face rounding gradually into the domed dorsal face (Fig. 1B). Dorsal surface of petiole with course longitudinal rugae (Fig. 1D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .eurysikos

2. Petiole broader than long in dorsal view (Figs 2D, 3); in lateral view much higher than long, the anterior face separated from the flat dorsal face by a rounded angle (Fig. 2B). Dorsal surface of petiole smooth or with small foveate depressions (Fig. 2D) . . . . . . . . . hirsutus

ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕЛЬ ВИДОВ Teratomyrmex McAreavey, 1957

1. Colour uniform through entire body (Fig. 6B); pronotum with large, wing-like structures on dorsal surface (Fig. 6C); dorsal surface of petiole concave with a pair of small spines dorsolaterally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . greavesi

-. Body darker on head and mesosoma with coxae, trochanters and basal one third of femora white (remainder of femora brown) (Fig. 7B); pronotum lacking large wing-like structures, instead with angular pronotal humeri (Fig. 7C); dorsal surface of peti-

ole flat, with very small projections dorsolaterally. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

2. Body with long, erect hairs only, shorter hairs and pubescence absent; dorsum of head, pronotum and mesonotum essentially smooth, sculpturing at most only weakly developed; petiole uniform brown, apex similar in colour to remainder (Fig. 7) . . . . . . . . . substrictus

-. Body with both long, erect hairs and short, flat-lying hairs (short hairs absent from first segment of gaster); dorsum of head,

pronotum and mesonotum with abundant shallow foveae; apex of petiolar node pale yellowish-white, distinctly paler than remainder of petiole (Fig. 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. tinae

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